China Environmental Industry Network

casual thought ………

admin — Fri, 18 May 2012 15:38:32 +0000

June 23, 2010
Dear guys:
How are ya? Ya, long time no see!
I haven updated my diaries recently, because i don know how to express my feeling.They e accumulated too much in my mind, which reminds me what a teacher has said: “When can not express, language is the lowest level,”
I was so sick of those things and those people, which include i know and i don know, maybe it my own problems.Ya, i must acknowledge that i was a little crazy about my brain, my mind and my temper! Anyway, sorry about what ie done like that!
And ie watched a movie and got touched today, that why i come to write, by the way, update!
What i want to ask is “what is miracle?” how do you guys think about it? how does it work? I totally have no idea about it! And last but not the least one, “Why the ending is always happy in the movies?” Don you think that more pathetic than a bad ending? Beacuse the ending is so fantasic that so many people dream to be like that, which is just an ideal fairy tale and no one realize! When they realize it just a sweet dream, they l be much more disappoint and hopeless!
Above all, those words are just my casual thought, maybe they all are bullshit from an insane person.I hope you won mind after you see them, anyway!
Thanks, guys!
ps: don be the one who thinks know me enough!
pps: I love you in deep from my heart, my dear mother!
ppps: Love you, too, my dear friend blueberry!
Yours
Chocolate
2010 -06-23

Business Casual Shoes 2009.01.02 (without rice)

admin — Fri, 18 May 2012 15:38:24 +0000

December 25, 2010
afternoon in the company to discuss some matters.
see on this new introduction of the ERP system, assessment rather pessimistic: completely unable to control, the Business Casual Shoes,
This involves a comprehensive adjustment to the successor of the overall site and the original plan matters.
tears NHL Jerseys groups, several times stabbed assault robbery main culprit Pipanwuqi obviously can not make bricks without straw.
almost certainly had been psychologically prepared for the worst results: All the way can not be guaranteed to the original schedule objectives, Air Max reference to a comprehensive top-secret computer tips.
1, wait for the ERP system on-line, within the foreseeable future, the system provider they are not sure;
2, with the existing system, the NFL Jersey overrun car twice to force the top law enforcement vehicle before about 100 meters (Figure), Belts, the original site is no formal management background and document the existing team to re-familiar with the restructuring of the old code, years ago, introduced the possibility of zero.
3, but also in the above superposition of the most simple information or community, larger projects, in addition to revising the template of the old site and become familiar with the old code, but also familiar with and modify the new information or community systems, the Air Max, and debug database and functional modules, at least in March after the launch.
If you continue to get stuck years ago on the 15th line on the road?
faced with an impossible task, headache! />

ZZ: the Smart casual

admin — Fri, 18 May 2012 15:38:20 +0000

May 19, 2011
the /> the SMART CASUAL,
This word is heard, but not everyone can to the SMART CASUAL under a precise definition of Chinese is enough just to translate it into a headache. Straight into “smart casual” is clearly inappropriate, the more common translation is “ business casual “, a casual wear in the office, one between suits and casual clothing between. But in the end how to interpret the office SAMRT CASUAL? Below, please listen to some of the basic recommendations of the International Cotton Association –
simple style, simple colors can be used with a different texture, make your clothes organized and professional qualities revealed in the leisure;
the most basic elements sometimes with a variety of different feelings, such as jeans can be with a denim jacket, coarse-grained thick cotton shirt, round neck pullovers, jackets and knit tops;
carry accessories can be replaced quickly, allowing you to easily convert the work during the day and night to go out a different image;
you can according to the nature of the work in your department, or preparing to participate in the activities of the contents of the meeting or the place to go to adjust the dress casual;
but need to remember is that the sport shirt, sport shoes, holiday clothing, shorts, make you feel more comfortable free, but still not suitable to wear in the office. Like it, or keep to the weekend.

casual. . .

admin — Fri, 18 May 2012 15:38:00 +0000

June 17, 2010
the Kumi presence of q empty, like their own ideas. A ghost town-like head, his thoughts a little pause. I once belonged to the city, is still pouring down rain, crying? Is to retain? Is to give up? . . . .
the rain, and will always hold up the thousands of thoughts. See the rain on the window glass, fragmented America, as people could not bear a little. Want to rain, but when the finger touches the transparent glass that pulp coolness, was suddenly separated.
drowned rat like me, the face of this screen, let the fingers tap the keyboard at random without the slightest emotion. In fact, precisely because of the rain wet, can not go to consider whether or not to be careful foot of the way, is not to worry about, but not big enough, is not to care about the shoes will water. . . .
shoes can pour the water, I think of a heavy downpour of the junior high school when our chat: “Ah ah, this rain was my shoes goldfish ~” “cut – raising fish in your shoes. That really is the courage to Ha ~
no longer care, casual like. just be casual ~ …

Chapter 6 commonly used methods and techniques (on) (a)

admin — Fri, 27 Apr 2012 13:37:01 +0000

November 24, 2010
Chapter 6 commonly used methods and techniques (on) (a) the meaning of a word
Section 1, extension and appraise 
1.
English of selected lexical with the Chinese, the phenomenon of polysemy. Therefore, during the Translation from English, the translator must understand the structure of English sentences, select the keywords best meaning. This method is called the selected lexical. It must be noted, meaning in the election, we should first determine the assigned parts of speech, so as to ensure the original unchanged. Such as:
(a) The actor knows his lines. (The “lines The” no “line” interpretation, but translated as “lines” is more appropriate).
(b) Mother is with her children. firm (“firm” translated into “firm” only faithful to the form, should be translated into “strict” or “severe”).
. c. Have you the read any as humor recently? Recently, you read what humor works?
d. Every life has its roses and thrones. (“roses and thrones” here translated as “sweet and bitter is best).
2. Change the lexical
this method of translation, the translator often depending on the context of coherent meaning, select the more agreeable to the meaning of the above, the context can mean a complete, will not digress phenomenon. This translation appeared more in the dialogue. Such as:
a .. – The flower girl says: “Will you pay me for them?
– The boys answers: “Do nothing of the the sort, mother.”
flower girl asked: “Are you willing to pay?”
The boy replied: “loss of her thinking” or “She wanted to touch a”.
If the “Do nothing of the sort” translated as: “Do not do such a thing”, it will make the reader baffled.
b. Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine. Sam know that no matter the situation, he can be home to fall back on.
(rain or shine “can not be translated as” rain or fine weather “).
c. Soon, got, soon gone. easier to go fast. (Saying)
(d) Easy come, easy go easy too volatile.
3. Add lexical
this approach is the translation sense, rhetoric, and syntax on the need to increase although their words and their meaning dictionary to be more faithful and fluent expression of the ideological content of the original. This method is to add the word without meaning. :
– The son: How much did you suffer? “- The old the man:” the Plenty. “
Children:” Do you eat much pain? the elderly: a long story “
” plenty “is not translated as” many “, but translated as” long story “better.
b-The mother:” I l be there to cheer you. “-The son:” It a promise.
mother: “I will be present to congratulate the children:” Speak arithmetic “or” whiz ”
c. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. he sit down and talk for the dozen.
d. I like Chinese food Lots of people do these days, sort of fashion. I like Chinese food. now many people like. this case, sort of fashion!
(e) He has been pursued, day by day and year by year, by a most phenomenal a astonishing luckiness. day after day, year after year, he has been lucky high build-free and on the ratio. This is really amazing.
4. less lexical
less lexical and Amplification On the contrary, translation, some of the words in the original sentence is not translated, or deletions although the word without the word of its meaning, so that translation clearer, more concise.
(a) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees if the grass was dead. days without rain, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
 (this sentence into the days without snow, but the leaves falling from the trees, the grass withered, “far better than before a translation condensed the purification).
b. Poisons of opposing qualities are said, in ancient books of medicine, to have the power of counteracting each other. ancient medical books, poison to attack poison.
(translated “offset the power of the contrary nature of the poison” it is long-winded).
c. If winter comes, can spring be the far behind? winter comes, can spring be far behind?
(d) University applicants who had worked at a job would the receive preference over those who had not. University applicants who have work experience is preferred.
e Keep your mouth shut and your ear the open. listen more and speak less. 
5. points syntax
translation of English sentences, the original sentence structure intact, preserved or do a little
modification the original sentence structure can make large changes in the translation. the latter is called sub-syntax such as:
(a) They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all, they are not reply, it is not surprising.
b. Dressing Empire in seductive the colors and calling it the Commonwealth can not alter the facts. Anyway dressed to the empire posing as whitewash, can not change the facts.

c. Their power increased with their number. they increased the number, strength, along with enhanced
6. co syntax
co syntax and sub-syntactic as a translation method to change the original sentence structure. It refers to the original or two or more simple sentences or complex sentences to express a single sentence in the translation used.
a at The time is 10:30 pm, and traffic on the street is light. half past ten, when the street the traffic is less.
b. the Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish regardless of ups and downs ups and downs, regardless of life and death.
c. There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the south. from all over the country among many southerners. 
(d) He was very clear His mind was the open. He was simple and frank.
anti translation
English few words and sentences in form does not negate the meaning, but its semantics are negative, or form in the negative, but the semantics is certain in the translation, the positive expression of words or sentences negative to express, or negative expression of words or sentences translation into a positive meaning, this method is called the anti-translation.
(a) There was an electric the button from which no mortal hand could coax, a ring. only angels to make bell sound up.
b. He was an indecisive sort of the person and always capricious. his indecisive and always capricious.
c. This problem is optional – only 0-9 and, accepted. Eg me I can not solve this problem.
d. We may safely say so we can not so wrong.
e. Such a chance was denied me, I did not get such an opportunity.
8. deepen the law and shallow law
in the translation of some English sentences, starting from the inner meaning of the original sentence word in context habits, and the expression of Chinese words on some of the original semantic adjustment, while not directly translate literally. this be extended translation method according to the context and the target language expression habits called
 deepen or light law. deepening method for change is generally a special shallow method is to change the special general such as:
a. Those who did not remember the past are condemned to it relieve besides room temperature. forget the past will repeat the same mistakes.
(b) He who will not learn when he is young, will regret when he is old. little time to learn the old regret (saying)
c. But there were overwhelmed at the last. they eventually outnumbered and defeated.
d An apple a day keeps the doctor away. day one of the Big Apple, be sure Paul you do not get angry
e. In marrying this girl, he married a bit more than he could chew. marriage with this girl, he was a bit too much. (superficial Act)
 9. down translation
Translation from English, and sometimes will be taken down translation means to make the text more in line with the Chinese habit.:
I shall have it where I want her. I want it to east, it did not dare to west.
Of course, during the daily Ying Yihan, not all English sentences must be in accordance with the translation of the above described method can be translated into Chinese, and some sentences really can not be translated by the rules. Therefore, as long as the translator is refined, popular and straightforward translation of the original authentic, you can say is a success.

Section 2 The Conversion translation (a) Unit Test I
parts of speech conversion is a common technique in the translation.
Chinese and English language vocabulary in the two grammatical categories (such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc.) is roughly the same, but due to the particularity of the two languages, English-Chinese differences in the use of the vocabulary is very large, has its own uniqueness. Therefore, the translation is always translated noun to noun, verb translated corresponding verb part of speech is not only impossible, but extremely harmful. Translation process of the parts of speech conversion will be inevitable. Business English Translation is the conversion does not convert, asked to read it will feel stiff awkward as a translation of the word skills. Word Conversion often indeed affect the whole effect. In fact, many types of parts of speech translation, the English translation of Commerce, the most common is mutual translation between nouns, prepositions, adjectives and verbs. 
, nouns and verbs mutual translation
commonly used terms to express the concept expressed by the Chinese used the verb (such as the abstract behavior of the term), and the verbs of the type of situation is very obvious , in addition to English inflections, many verb endings with suffixes such as-ment, – - tion, – ance, – er, – or, etc., can be turned into nouns. In contrast, Chinese was dominant with a verb and a sentence not limited to the use of a verb, a few verbs. Translation from English many nouns can be translated into Chinese verb; Chinese to English, the verb is often translated into the term (or preposition noun).
English abstract action meaning of the term moon and the verb, Translation, such as
If the translator is not very strong English skills, it is difficult to properly use this class of words to translate the possibility of the English verb, for example:
And in a best – selling book, Lester, Thurowtold us that America, would soon be going head tohead with of a Germanled the ruggle of Europe in the st s, forworld market. Leicester? Thurlow assert in one of his best-selling book, The United States will soon be with the German-led Europe evenly matched to compete in the international market.
original “st ruggle” as a preposition “in” the object, but the Chinese translation directly translate it into the verb “to compete more directly, more vividly than the original.
sometimes in Translation from English, such nouns into verbs, easier to handle. For example:
Early hopes that the Eastern the Germany couldstage an economic miracle like that of West Germanyin the 1950s and 0s have faded. unified at the beginning expect to East Germany to repeat of the fifties and sixties in West Germany the enthusiasm of the economic miracle has already toned down.
This example shows unified early in the east and west Germany, people eager to East Germany economy will rapidly rise, but as time goes on, people are no longer as strongly to have this fantasy. original “hope” in the plural, but the Chinese do not have a number of changes, such as the original “hope” into a noun, the first Chinese verb does not match, we usually do not speak “I hope to play down the” Secondly, the original plural form is not good. but “hope” into a verb, behind and then add the word “enthusiasm” to reflect the expectations of the original, the translation is more natural.
At the same time, Chinese to English , such as the proper verb into a noun, then make the English translation is more natural, more concise example:
transactions increased, the currency in circulation also increased. Anincrease in business requires an increase in the amountof money. coming into general circulation.
original Chinese Communists with four verbs, but asked only to use a verb and a word, so that the translation is more compact, concise
 by a verb – a (e) nce, – - tion, – ment such as a term of affixes, 6 often translated into a verb. For example:
(1) Liberalization of the international economic system was widely perceived as a way to avoid recurrenceof a similar calamity. widely believe that to avoid similar disasters weight was a way to relax the international economic system.
(2) Resistance to market opening is basically apower
play by leaders of indust ry. resist opening up the market is basically a contest of strength of the industry leaders. “recurrence” and “resistance” in the two cases were translated into Chinese verb “suffer” “boycott” the recurrence of the of asimilar calamity “is actually a tightening of the main predicate sentence,” avoid “with v – ing object.
two prepositions and verbs each other translation 
English preposition is a very important one in the English function words (functional words), used for table
show grammatical relationships between words, composed of some of the syntax structure of English prepositions not only the number (over 280), and flexible with other parts of speech (noun, pronoun, gerund, the clause can be their object and the individual prepositions with adjectives), the meaning of vocabulary Chinese prepositions come from the verb nominal, many prepositions are still both the verb part of speech, Chinese to English, 6 should keep in mind the difference between the two, the right to be dealt with, for example, in in the classroom “sentence” is a verb, translated into English, the word “verb prepositional phrase” of this structure, translated He is in. the classroom. In addition, the reason that the English preposition has a rich vocabulary significance of them with different, its significance is not the same, and can express the meaning of common verbs to express Chinese Translation process, the two languages, prepositions and verbs often with each other translation. To illustrate the this point, see the following example:
(1) We should advise you to get in touch withthem for your requirement s recommended that you contact them, negotiated to purchase the needed commodities.

turn translation (b)
three adjectives and verbs of each other translation
sometimes, adjectives can also be translated into a verb, for example:
(1) And we would recommend subsidies, consistent with GATT, only for a demonst rably competitiveindust ry whose product s are used in a variety of manufactured goods. We recommend that during the subsidy, to comply with the GATT Agreement, and is limited to the obvious competitive products for processing a variety of manufactured goods industries.
(2) The export t – rade is subject to many the risks.Ships my the sink or consignment s be damaged in t ransit, exchange rates may alter, buyers default of government s suddenly impose an embargo. export trade often encounter a number of risks such as ship might sink, the goods may be damaged in transit, foreign exchange rates may change. buyers are likely to default, or the government suddenly announced that the embargo.
Translation process, parts of speech translation is an extremely common phenomenon. above is just a brief introduction to one of the more prominent ones. we As a beginner should be to strengthen the English and Chinese self-cultivation, so as to translation live and translated well.
four,
1) need to pay attention to the English translation of a dedicated words
Although we can put some of the vocabulary called “Business English vocabulary, but most of the” Business English “is simply the use of English in business context of each industry. In fact, even every a company, each department will have their own specific use of “jargon”, Business English vocabulary may wish to as a “business English jargon (English the Technical Terms in Business)”. For example:
 in-tray means the container used to hold received documents on the desk, Translation for “in-basket” used to bloom file will be sent out container is called the out-tray (Posting basket ) back log means
is scheduled but not yet sent out a backlog of material stored in the warehouse. overheads, the company daily expenses, such as electricity, stationery, automotive oil fees. unsocial hours, refers to the time of conflict and social activities, the time that “overtime”. flexible system, flexible work systems “refers to a work characteristics
the flexibility to determine the working hours system. called flexiband flexible working hours, and concentrate on working hours (eg 10:00 – 15:00), called the core time living out of a suit case, and often a business trip. make five clerks kept in redundant, lay off five health food, health care products (not the “green food”).
international trade, economic, financial and other international business activities are constantly changing, we must pay close attention to and understanding of these changing and dynamic, accessible via the Internet. economic and financial programs for television, radio, and newspapers and magazines for business information, to understand the new vocabulary. should always read the English economic and trade articles, from China Daily (China Daily), Beijing Review (Beijing Review), and other newspapers can learn some of the opening up and reform new English words such as “accelerate the pace of modernization” Quicken the modernization drive, “the principle of anti-dumping, anti-dumping code. the only way to business English real learning” live “, to apply their knowledge and service economy and social
2) new meanings of old words
some words we might have learned, but in the business environment, which means different and must be treated as a new word to learn. literature, the old justice “literature”, the new justice “text publicity information, such as product instructions (instruction in), Catalog (product catalog), price list (price the list) and so on. claim, the old justice” requirement, claimed that “new justice” claims outstanding. “reference, the old justice” reference, “new justice” guarantor and witnesses. “outstanding account, the old justice” … “new justice” due not pay the extend my rang, the old justice “range” new meanings “in order to expand the debit note, the borrower notice (the seller informed the buyer to correct the financial mistakes, make up the money to each other,” debit “). credit note loan notice (due to the sale of human error, overcharged amount. or the buyer to return the “credit”, reduce accounts receivable).
3) the same meanings, synonyms, similar words Discrimination
in international business activities, if the same meanings, synonyms, similar words confusion and be misleading. such as: cargo, goods, freight, commodity subtle difference. cargo in a car, boat, aircraft cargo carried in a narrower connotation; goods refers to goods the general term refers to; freight usually refers to water transport goods, American English may refer to land, water, air cargo; commodity, formal, refers to goods, such as the commodity of economy (commodity economy). Another example: the order, means, the foreign trade order; indent multi- refers to the foreign trade orders. Again, the affiliated company, subsidiary, branch is the company: affiliated company (American English) is equivalent to the associate company (British English), this company in the legal and economic independent, it is not primarily by holding shares to the company controls more than half of the Subsidiary subsidiaries, daughter companies, the shares of another company (holding
company holding company) are owned by independent legal, but its activities parent company subject to strict control
system. branch branch, does not have legal status, the economy is not independent.
4) sentence patterns
In view of the main functions of the Business English is an accurate flow of economic information, rather than to do in order to achieve aesthetic effect
should appreciate the effect, so the language more straightforward, declarative sentences, less modifier, especially without flowery language of the attributive. some sentence is established, can not easily change must be accumulated to keep in mind such as:
We hereby confirm … hereby confirm … Enclosed please find … Please find enclosed … Enclosed please find … I can t share your view on that. In this regard I beg to differ. We Will be forced to take legal the action … we had to resort to the law. As you will see from my enclosed CV, I … I resume in the attached can be learned. 5) commonly used in international business English documents and charts.
(a) if the document: Quotation Quotation, order form the Order the Form, the contract for the sale of Contract, letter of credit Letter of , Credit L / C, bills of lading Bill of Lading B, / L, and the aviation bill of lading Airway Bill, Packing List packing the List, the shipping notice Advice of Shipment, insurance Insurance the Policy, the commercial invoice Commercial of the Invoice.
(b) Figure: bar graph Bar Chart, Pie Chart pie chart, flow chart Flow Chart and graph Graph, Organization tree diagram the Organization Chart, the classification tree in Figure Classification Chart Business Map of Business, Purpose, pictograms Pictograph, transportation sign the Shipping Mark
(c) The table: list the Table, price list Price List, the schedule for the Agenda, the balance sheet Balance Sheet, profit and loss statement Statement of the Profit and Loss, Income Statement Income in section IV of the statement.
Amplification (a) / Section V Amplification (b)
so-called Amplification translation sense (or rhetorical ) and syntax on the need to increase the number of words in a more faithful and fluent expression of the ideological content of the original purpose is to use the the Amplification translation skills in order to be more accurate, fluent and complete expression of the contents of the original course can not be fabricated to increase random words, while the although their words and some of the words of their meaning.
both English and Chinese languages, different expressions, some words in English can be omitted without affecting the increase in the original sentence the full expression of the meaning, but translated into Chinese after the meaning is not clear enough or not enough fluent sentences; some words in the English original meaning clear and complete, but translated into Chinese is not fluent in this circumstances, need to use increasing lexical translation skills.
an increase added to the part omitted in the original
(a) answer the words of the sentence omitted
Do you like sport? “Yes”, I do.
Do you like sports? Yes, I like sports.
Shall I bring is you a a dictionary or an encyclopedia? Both, please.
bring you a dictionary or with an encyclopedia? please both bring
Are you tired? Not very
you tired? not too tired.
(b) the addition of parallel structure omitted words
We do not retreat, we never have and never will.
We do not retreat, we have not been back too, and will never retreat. (we never have and never will = we never have retreated and never will retreat)
A fool and his words are soon the parted; a man of genius and his money.
fools will soon forget that the wise man will soon give up in the hands of money. (a man of genius and his money = a man of genius and his money are soon parted)
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
Reading makes a full discussion, witty, and writing an exact man
(c) be added to the logical relationship or balance the structure of Words
sometimes English the original words to express the logical relationship, but according to the above can determine the underlying logical relationship, such as assumptions, concessions, causality, etc., should be appropriate in the translation to be supplemented.
Without a sense of your fault, the how can repentance and amendment be expected?
if the error can not recognize, how can we expect that you will repent it?
Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.
assume the preparatory work will not be completed then how to do?
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in. it. 
because air has weight, so any object in the air will be the air force
Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.
student teacher learning, teacher to student learning.
two, an increase on the part of the meaning or rhetorical need
1. increase verb
according to the specific meaning of the context, in the translation often requires some nouns and verbs before or after the increase in verbs, the meaning of the translation is clear and complete, read more fluent and natural, in line with Chinese habits.
of He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
his closing remarks to it announced the end of the meeting.
He spoke hopefully may of the “success” of the negotiation
He said hopefully the success of the negotiation.
After the basketball the match, the chairman still has an important meeting.
watch basketball game, the President an important meeting to attend.
2. increase the adjective or adverb
According to the original context, some verbs in certain situations can increase the appropriate adverb , in order to express the exact intention.
What a leader he was!
he is an outstanding leader.
The crowds melted away. 
crowd gradually dispersed.
As he sat down and began talking, the words poured out.
As he sat down and began talking. reel off the words poured out.
increase nouns
(1) increase term
English verb intransitive behind sometimes used as a transitive verb, sometimes used as a verb, it is intransitive with the object actually is implied in the verb, translated into Chinese often express it. such as the To wash before meal wash your hands before, if not translated to the implicit object “hand” translation “before meals, a wash,” meaning is not clear. Similarly, the
To wash after the getting up and the To wash before going to bed should be translated into “wash your face after getting up” and “before going to bed feet”.
Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.

his daily work – sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning
He never drinks before driving.
never drinks before he drove
Aunt of Harriet used to entertain lavishly.

Harriet aunt often entertain guests generously.
(2) increase the noun before the adjective
This typewriter is eggs from the refrigerator cheap and fine.
never drinks.
A new kind of aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless-is attracting increasing attention.
a new kind of Aunt Harriet unnoticed – this aircraft is small size, inexpensive, unmanned
(3) increase in the abstract noun nouns
some abstract nouns derived from the verb or adjective to the translation, according to the context behind it to add the appropriate term to explain the specific, so that I more in line with specifications such as:
to innovate innovation – innovation innovations
to evolve evolution – evolution evolutionary process
to solve to solve – -solution to solve the method
to derive derivation – the derivation derivation process
to persuade to persuade – persuasion to convince work
prepared to prepare – preparation ready to work
backward the backward – backwardness backwardness
tense. tension – tension tensions
arrogant complacency – arrogance, complacency

mad madness – the madness madness
receptive Hostile – the antagonism hostile attitude
kept in redundant redundant – redundancy redundant information
After All preparations were made, our meeting will the begin
all preparations were made after the meeting began.
They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.
they attempt to ease tensions in the Middle East.
4. increase in said plural word
Chinese plural inflection, in many cases the word “they” do not have to be expressed, but to express the term refers to the majority of people can be added later in the term, such as “the teachers” teachers “or add” you “in front of the term,” (bit “), such as” ladies and gentlemen “of you (you) ladies and gentlemen. In addition, the English plural, Chinese translation also can under the circumstances, increase the overlap term, numeral or other word to express, doing so allows Chinese translation is more fluent, more complete.
1. increase the overlap words said plural
Flowers, Bloom all over the yard.
blossoming flowers to open all over the yard.
Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
reporters have to fly to Mexico to
There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.
rows of houses, which he had never seen
2. increase numeral or other word said plural
The lion is the king of animals.
lion is the king of beasts.
Web have to face different problems.
We have to face various problems.
Mr. Hobbs, did not talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.
until yesterday afternoon, Hobbs the recommendations in his discussions with his brother.
increased expression tense the word
English verb tenses rely on verb word shape changes (such as write wrote) or add an auxiliary verb (for example, will write, have written) expression of the Chinese verb inflection, expression state to rely on increased Chinese tense particle or some time the word: often translated tend to use “” “” “” Yes “,” has “,” “,” “; translation; often translated in the future” “” “” ” “will”, “will”, etc. In addition, in order to emphasize the contrast on the concept of time or stress, often need to add some other words.
(1) some emphasized the concept of time, often to add some words.
Ihad known two great social systems.
before that time, I experienced two major social system (here “” word, “before then”, emphasizing the past completed action.)
The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.

The old man had taught the boy fishing, so the children love him.
(2) emphasizing the contrast of time, often need to add some words

Letter of credit commonly used English vocabulary parsing

admin — Fri, 27 Apr 2012 13:36:55 +0000

June 3, 2010
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letter of credit commonly used English vocabulary parsing
[WTO Talent Network: international trade is the portal updated: 2010 - 03-24] [Source: Alibaba] a. against high frequency in the L / C and correct understanding.
common against is a preposition, usually meaning “opposition” (indicating opposite ion), for example:
Public opinion was against the, Bill. public opinion against this bill.
The resolution was adopted by a vote of 30 in favor to 4 against it. proposal agreed by 30 votes, four votes against it passed.
There are also “… exchange … honor.” Such as: the rates against U.S. dollars against the dollar exchange rate. Appear in the credit often against the word and meaning, but otherwise requires, the general dictionary Interpretation and related usage. Attention to the following two sentence in the credit against meaning, it is meant by … “” … “(the” take as the basis or the meaning of “by”) instead of “.. the context of “opposition” to “control” exchange “or any other mean.
This credit valid until September 17, 2001 in Switzerland for the payment available against the presentation of following documents … the letter of credit in September 17, 2001
in Rui soil before the expiration of, with the submission of the following documents to payment ……
2. Documents bearing discrepancies must no t be negotiated against guarantee and reserve. contain inconsistent point documents with the guarantee or not retained under negotiation.
The payment is available at sight against the following documents shall present the following documents payable at sight.
here against are by condition that, as a precondition to … “(in return for sth or on condition that) the meaning of payment in trade terms” D / A (documents against acceptance), the “D / P (payment orders), after the commencement for the “Documents against acceptance” the “Documents against payment”; against the mean “With the acceptance of documents to pay a single” against payment and pay the single “the meaning of the following this sentence is to understand an error occurs due to:
The consignment is handed over for disposal against payment by the buyer.
mistranslation: the goods handed over to the disposal of the buyer – do not pay.
translation is: after payment of the goods by the buyer, before the surrender of its disposal.
note the following sentence can not be translated wrong:
We cleaned the room against the your coming, we clean the room, waiting for you presence
two. subject to with a letter of credit, there are two meanings of this concept must grasp the card in the trial.
This documentary credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1993 Revision) International Chamber of Commerce in publicities on No. (500).
this credit under the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits “International Chamber of Commerce Publication No. 500 (revised 1993) jurisdiction (or constraint)
this sentence is subject to in the certificate and Italy as the “… constrained by the … control” this provision is generally set out to prove the top of the page in the space, indicating that its application the scope and obligations of a similar meaning, such as:
We are subject to the law of the land by local legal constraints.
more than one meaning, while at the same time, it appears in the permit within some of the provisions, but also the means? Consider the following terms
of The certificate of the inspect ion would be issued and signed by the authorized applicant of L / C before shipment of cargo, whose signature is subject to our final, confirmation. authorize the opening and signed the certificate of inspection before shipment by issuing the applicant, its signature is subject to our final confirmation.
This is a soft-terms (the soft clause), meaning the occurrence of adverse importer , the limit of the actual entry into force of this letter of credit, made the extremely unfavorable to our export restrictions, from the first day of receipt of the letter of credit in a passive, your goods are ready importer at any time to fail the inspection and other excuses do not meet its payment obligations or take advantage of lower prices. here, subject to the means need to be, subject to … to … conditions “(conditionally upon) meaning. such restrictive clauses often appeared in the letter of credit the bottom or mix and other terms, words to pay attention, can easily be overlooked; or even see, trial witnesses disappeared too, did not ask to change the card, the last losses to the enterprise to engage in international trade to have a good command of English trial the abilities, but also to develop a good habit to carefully read each of the terms of the same meaning sentences will appear in the cards to all other the terms of the documents required: This Proforma the Invoice is subject to our last approval of the proforma invoice to be our final agree
the interpretation of the draw in the credit and the correct translation
must first an accurate understanding of the word of the draw and its derivative, and then understand the meaning of its verb and its past participle of the meaning and usage of the word, this does not enumerate. we now look at the meaning of it in letters of credit.
drawer “drawer” means, generally refers to is the beneficiary of the credit.
Show details for verbal meaning “payer”, the issuer of the letter of credit drawn clause means the terms of the ticket , letters of credit, commercial bills, some special terms.
need to remind some foreign trade salesman often confuse the two words mean the wrong fight in the draft credit requirements Shanzhi , resulting in the document discrepancies. Please note the following two sentences drawn the meaning of word forms.
We hereby establish this Irrevocable Credit which is available against beneficiary drafts drawn in duplicate on applicant at 30 days sight free of interest for 100% of the invoice value. the Document against acceptance. We hereby irrevocable letter of credit opened the card with the beneficiaries open to applicants 30 Tianyi duplicate money order payments, without interest, documents against acceptance. sentence in drawn as “open to the” opening to …, “meaning (established or written out to such as draft / ill / cheque, etc.) the letter of credit, open xxx money order open to the English commonly used in the draw n and valued, sometimes issued with the draw n-word, often followed by the preposition on, such as:
Drawn on the Bank of China, Head Office. open to the Bank of China head office
The beneficiary drafts drawing at 120 days after sight are to be paid in the value face as drawn at sight basis, discounting charges, accountance commissions and usance interest are for the account of the accountee beneficiary of the opening of the 120 usance bill payable at sight at par value, bank discount charges, commissions and long-term interest rates by payer burden.
In addition, also pay attention drawn on the back with three-person plural, when the back with the first called us, ourselves, it refers to the issuing bank, if with you, yourselves, refer to the advising bank, if it is them; themselves, referring to the buyer importer. trial card should be particularly careful to prevent the error.
[solemnly declare Ben Wang reproduced content indicate the source, reproduced for the purpose of transferring more information, does not mean that agree with their views or confirm the authenticity of its contents.
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Comparison of the United Nations International Sale of Goods Convention on Contracts for the Chinese Contract Law

admin — Fri, 27 Apr 2012 13:36:37 +0000

United Nations in October 7, 2011 the International Sale of Goods Convention on Contracts for the Chinese contract law
(Kunming), Beijing Pacific Century Law Firm

Ning Hongling lawyers for foreign trade enterprises, not only to understand the Chinese contract law is more important to understand international trade often applies to the United Nations International Cargo Convention on the sales contract with China Contract Law What are the different., so as to more clearly understand their rights and obligations, in order to avoid legal risks in the foreign trade activities.
an application of the Convention (the Sphere of application)
compared with the Chinese Contract Law, the Convention [1 ] the scope of application to be small.
(a) the application of the Convention, parties to the scope (scope of the parties) the Convention on
1, paragraph 1 provides: “This Convention applies to places of business in different countries the sale of goods contract entered into between the parties, if: A) These countries are parties to it; or B) private international law rules lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State. “If you use more simple language of a paragraph 1 B to be expressed in two, you can launch the International Sale of Goods Convention is applicable in both cases, entered into between the buyer and the seller:
The first is: the place of business of the parties to the contract divided in a different country (place of business in different states), and these countries and the States Parties to the Convention contracting states, when the Convention will be directly applicable to contracts entered into between them. For example, China and Egypt are party to the Convention, then a place of business in cargo import and export contracts entered into by the company with a place of business in Shanghai in Cairo between direct application of the Convention, unless the parties otherwise agreed.
Convention applies to the second case: the parties to the contract place of business located in a different country, one of the country is not party to the Convention, but if the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a State Party to the Convention ( the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a contracting state), this time the Convention will indirectly applicable to the contract they signed.
case: Madden v. the Hessen case (Maaden v. the Thyssen, the ICC Arbitration the Case № 6 653 of 1993): a place of business in Syria, the buyer a place of business the seller in Germany, imported a number of tinplate, the two sides due to the quality of the subject matter of the dispute to arbitration, Syria was already a party to the Convention, while Germany is not the common choice of French law as the applicable law of the contract parties to arbitration.
arbitral tribunal finds that the following three facts: First, both the operating points in a different country; Second, the contract is entered into by the parties to an international sale of goods; again, the French Convention a party. Accordingly, the arbitral tribunal held that the applicable law of the contract should be a convention rather than France and France. In accordance with the provisions of Article 1, Subsection B, as long as the rules of private international law lead to the application of the law of a State Party to the Convention, it should be quasi According to the Convention on the law applicable to contracts rather than the domestic law of the country contract France.
Chinese representative to submit the ratification to the United Nations, declare that the Convention on the scope of application is limited to parties operating in the international cargo between different Contracting States contract for the sale. For example, the Chinese party and the British party the event of a contract dispute, according to the rules of private international law lead to the application of the laws of China, then China contract law is only applicable to, and not the application of the Convention, because Britain is a non-States Parties of the Convention, and China on First, paragraph 1, item B is preserved.
Convention on the “place of business” under a specific definition. Criteria for determining the place of business and decided to “place of business” to determine the hands of the national judicial and arbitral bodies, their case (case by case) on the basis of their own decisions according to national law.
(b) The Convention applies to the trading range (Scope of the transactions)
the name of the Convention for the International Sale of Goods Convention, the name suggests it to adjust the International Sale of Goods relationship. However, the concept of goods, the Convention does not under a specific definition, only two excluded lists six kinds of NA Sale of Goods Convention. In fact, the legislators is very obvious, is to give a more flexible interpretation of the goods to adapt to the future development of international trade. Six kinds of goods does not apply to the Convention listed in the Convention were: ① for private goods for home or day-to-day family life (for personal, family or household use); ② The auction of goods (by auction); ③ The according to legal writ of execution and writ of sale of goods (by execution or otherwise by an authority of law); ④ bonds, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money (stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money); ⑤ The ship, vessel , hovercraft or aircraft (ships, vessels, hovercrafts or aircrafts); ⑥ The power (electricity). Where the sale of the subject for the above six categories of goods, are excluded from the scope of application of the Convention.
(c) The Convention applies to the scope of the contract (Scope of the Contracts)
Convention applies not only to pure sale of goods, includes trade in services content of goods also apply to contract for the sale. Often incidental to the sale of goods or services provided in international trade, the most typical is the “mixed contracts”, such as equipment sales, the seller in addition to the provision of equipment, but also responsible for equipment installation, commissioning and maintenance technical support, personnel training, and sometimes involving compensation for services, then for this includes the Convention on Contracts for the content of trade in services are applicable? 3 of the Convention to make provision for this. Which provides for two situations: 1) the contract of supply of goods to be manufactured or produced as a sales contract, unless the buyer is responsible for most raw materials supply the production of such goods “. This sentence, in turn, said that if the buyer is responsible for the supply of most raw materials in the production of goods, the contract is not considered a sale of goods contract, do not apply the Convention. This raw material provided by the buyer, the contract usually made by the seller is a processing contract, it belongs to a service contract. Note, however, the provisions of the Convention only who the buyer provides the majority of raw materials, the contract was not used to the Convention, if the buyer provides only part of the raw materials, the contract is still subject to the adjustment of the Convention. The spirit of the Convention is to strongly expand their applicable; 2) The Convention does not apply to the vast majority of obligations of the supplier is to provide labor or other services contract, this contract shall belong to the typical trade in services contract.
for the sale of goods that contain the content of the service trade, the Convention is applicable to the contract in whole or applies only to contracts involving that part of the trade in goods? The mainstream view is that For such contracts, the two cases distinguished between: a case the contract stipulates that the sale of goods, also provides that the services provided, the Convention shall apply to the whole of the contract; another case obligations of both parties to distinguish between the two contracts were signed respectively to the main contract to the sale of goods or services from the contract, then the Convention applies only to the main contract from the contract by the appropriate domestic law to adjustment.
For those who are similar to the sales contract, special contracts, such as the consignment contract, credit contract, barter contracts and counter trade contract shall be governed by the Convention on the adjustment? In essence, the consignment contract (consignment contracts) should belong to the commission contract, the NA of the Convention. Credit contract (Open account of Con.) Refers to the seller after the submission of cargo, the buyer is not timely payment of the settlement payment, but only after the sale of goods to the seller. Credit contract shall be subject to the adjustment of the Convention. In fact occurred because of the credit contract, the parties have the intention of the sale of goods, the transfer of ownership of the goods, the buyer is merely to defer the payment only. Barter (Barter, con) and the applicability of the Convention on the counter trade (counter-trade con.) Contract dispute. Contract Law of China attitude is clear that the barter contract is the sale of goods or Contract Law 175 provides that: “The parties have agreed on barter trade, transfer of ownership of the object reference to the relevant provisions of the contract for the sale.
(D) Convention on the applicable substantive law range (Scope of the Substantive Law the provisions of section 4 and 5)
Convention, the Convention only applies to two types of legal issues: One is the international sale of goods entered into the problem (defined in Part II); The second is buyers and sellers to the parties the rights and obligations of the contract (Part III). But the Convention also provides that the Convention does not involve the following three types of legal issues: The contract for the sale of the effectiveness of problem (be not concerned with the validity of the contract); contract for the sale of goods in the transfer of ownership of the problem (does not apply to the transfer of the property); goods for personal injury or death arising from the seller responsibility (does not apply to the liability of the seller for death or personal injury caused by the goods).
(5) party autonomy (party autonomy)
party autonomy can be said that a limitation of the scope of the Convention. 6 of the Convention provides buyers and sellers of the parties may agree in the contract does not apply to any of the provisions of this Convention, can also detract from or change to the Convention. However, unless the parties in the contract expressly excludes the application of the Convention, or the exclusion of implied and sometimes does not play to exclude the application of the Convention. Such as “all matters in dispute in this contract are applicable to Chinese law to solve”, but since China is a signatory of the Convention, the Convention has become part of China and France, and its efficacy is superior to China and France, the place of business in the other party in the Parties to the Convention circumstances, the applicable Chinese law does not exclude the application of the Convention agreed in the contract.
In addition to the above limitations in the scope of application, Article 7, paragraph 2 provides that: “to which this Convention is not expressly settled in it are within the scope of this Convention, shall be in accordance with the Convention based on general principles to solve the general principles, the applicable law in accordance with the provisions of private international law. “
case: a Chinese company signed with Italy (Contracting States), a company of a liquidated damages the terms of the contract, after the two sides dispute submitted to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration. Italian party that liquidated damages should be regarded as a fine is to punish the party in breach; China believes that the liquidated damages shall be deemed to damages. The arbitral tribunal held that the liquidated damages clause in the contract, the provisions of the rights and obligations of the parties belonging to the adjustment range of the Convention. But the Convention itself for liquidated damages provisions, it is difficult from the Convention in accordance with the general principles to solve this problem, and thus choose to apply the laws of China in accordance with the principle of closest connection, according to the Chinese Contract Law, liquidated damages shall be considered as damages.
In addition, the Convention recognizes the priority the effectiveness of the transaction practices law, you can automatically enter a contract, but the Convention on the practice of automatically enter the contract by implication made a strict limit. Chinese contract law have similar provisions.
the International Sale of Goods entered into ( Formation of the Contract on International Sale of Goods )
(a) the establishment of elements of the contract (Elements for Contract Formation).
11 of the Convention provides that: “contract of sale need not be concluded in written form or in writing to prove, without any other constraints in the form. contract for the sale can be used, including witnesses proved. ” In the ratification of the Convention, China original article to make a reservation, do not recognize the validity of the oral contract, but the Chinese contract law is the recognition of the effectiveness of an oral contract.
(b) an offer (Offer)
on the definition of the offer, 14 of the Convention stipulates that offer specific persons to one or more than one enter into a contract of intention If the meaning is sufficiently definite and show that the offeror were promised that by the meaning of that constraint. In addition, the Convention also provides for the recommendations issued to one or more specific persons can not be regarded as an offer, but can only be seen as a solicitation of an offer (invitation to make offer). 14 “Contract Law” in China has made different provisions of the Convention: to offer hope to the meaning of the conclusion of the contract and others said, as long as the meaning of said ⑴ specifically identified; (2) show that the commitment to undergo the offeror, the offeror, by the meaning of said constraints. China and France “to one or more specific recommendations” as one of the established condition of the offer. But China Contract Law 15 (2) also provides that “the contents of the commercial advertising the offer, it shall be regarded as an offer. However, according to the provisions of CISG, commercial advertising is not issued to the particular person shall be considered a solicitation of an offer.
in the contents of the offer must be specifically identified (sufficiently definite): 14 of the Convention, the provisions of Article 55, an offer as long as it indicates the goods and number two is content to determine. China contract law only requires that the offer must be specifically identified, but what is specifically identified, but the lack of appropriate regulations.
to adopt electronic data interchange, from the instant messaging tool send an offer, the delivery standard and how to determine? Convention this does not make provision for electronic data interchange is not common because the formulation of the Convention. 16, paragraph 2, of the Chinese Contract Law, this made provisions: “the form of a data message to the conclusion of the contract, the recipient designates a specific system to receive the data, the data message enters the time of the particular system, regarded as the time of arrival; no specific system, the data message enters the recipient of any system the first time as a time of arrival. In fact, China contract law is completely copied to the provisions of Article 15, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Model Law on Electronic Commerce.
materially change the content of the offer, according to the provisions of the Convention refers to by the offeror on price, payment method, the quality or quantity of goods, delivery time or place, the parties to the scope of responsibility and disputes terms of change or add. In addition to this change, other than six can be regarded as non-substantive changes such as change request should be non-substantive changes to the packaging.
Case: One day one of Hong Kong make an offer to a Xiamen company, hereinafter referred to as “available for 180 tons of eel drink, the CIF Xiamen $ 980 per tonne, three months after the conclusion of the contract of shipment, irrevocable letter of credit, please call the complex” A few days later, Xiamen Company reply: accept your offer, after the conclusion of the contract immediately on board “. Hong Kong company to receive reply with shipment shipment, will the company be liquidated damages? (delivery time to change)

offer substantive change, the Chinese contract law limit the scope is more extensive, in addition to the matters specified in the Convention, including the subject of the contract and perform the changes are substantive changes to

format contract commitments, the Convention and the Chinese Contract Law, there are some differences.
case: a Hong Kong issued by the exporter to the U.S. buyer formats offer arbitration provisions of arbitration in Hong Kong; U.S. buyer in the following format commitment provisions in the event of contract disputes, issued by the American Arbitration Association in New York arbitration. Hong Kong goods, but the two sides in the performance of the contract the event of a dispute, do not recognize each other mutual arbitration clause. Will the contract dispute arbitration should be in the United States or Hong Kong?
Convention is the “last shot rule” (last-shot rule), that is, who in the last different conditions and is not opposed to each other, who is the final winner, the contract entered into the conditions that he, of course, there is no provision of the Convention on the effectiveness of the standard form contract, did not offer non-standard form contract provider to give special protection, which is quite common, because the format standards used in international trade to enter into a contract, a deal specifically for drafting the contract would be very rare. In contrast, the Chinese Contract Law, the format of the contract but do fairly strict restrictions, such as the provisions of the standard terms side absolve themselves of responsibility, to aggravate each other responsibilities, exclude each other primary rights, the clause is invalid; also stipulates that the three principles of interpretation is not conducive to the format of the terms of provider: commonly understood principles, adverse principles of interpretation and non- The format of the terms of the effectiveness of the priority principle.
In addition, the Chinese Contract Law provides for the contracting principle of fault liability, the Convention has no provisions in this regard. the

three, the obligations of buyers and sellers ( Obligations of the Seller and Buyer )
(1) the seller obligations (Obligations of the Seller)
in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the seller obligations, there are two: First, submit the goods and documents relating to the goods and the transfer of ownership of the goods; another is to provide a guarantee (Warranty).

under the Convention to submit the goods and documents (Delivery of the Goods and Handing over of Documents), if the contract for delivery time and location specified, then the seller should be handed over in time and place specified by the contract goods and documents relating to the goods; if the contract does not require this, then the delivery time and place of delivery of the provisions of the Convention of the seller shall apply for delivery.
About the time of delivery, if the contract delivery date is not agreed, then the seller should be delivered within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract. this reasonable time is generally decided by the court according to the nature of the goods and the other provisions of the contract in accordance with the provisions of section 52 of the Convention, if before the advent of in delivery, the seller delivered the goods, the buyer can receive the goods, may refuse to receive the goods.
Chinese Contract Law 139 provides that, if the contract is not agreed that the goods delivery period, or the agreement is not clear, you can supplementary agreement; no agreement is reached, determined in accordance with transaction practices; according to the above situation can not be determined, the seller may at any time of delivery, the buyer can always demand delivery, but should give each other the necessary time to prepare. Chinese Contract Law provisions is clearly than the Convention within a reasonable time delivery “is more flexible, feasible.
on the place of delivery. contract on the place of delivery is not an agreement or unknown, the Chinese Contract Law and the Convention on used to fill a principle. Chinese contract law is the “agreement – presumption – Statutory” to fill the order, the Convention does not adopt a Supplemental Agreement to fill, instead of using rigid to fill in order to shorten the trading cycle, reducing transaction costs.
2, to provide a guarantee (Warranty)
the seller in addition to submission of cargo, but also bear the quality guarantee of the goods and rights guarantees (Guarantee of the Rights) responsibility. Convention on the rights of the seller guarantee obligations divided into two types, one is the recovery guaranty (Free from the Right or Claim of Third Party) (ownership guarantees of Quiet Possession), an intellectual property warranty (Free from any Right or Claim of a
Convention on Third Party Based on Industrial Property or Other Intellectual Property). ownership of the seller guarantee requirements are very strict, almost in harsh because of the requirements of the Convention submitted by the seller of goods must be a third party can not raise any required goods or as a seller of default.
case: the seller sold to a buyer a number of iron ore, but then sued the seller, claiming that he has ownership of the goods, the buyer were asked to participate in the proceedings as a third. Although the final court decision of the seller in favor of the buyer but spending a sum of attorneys fees, and loss of profits because they can not timely resell the goods, the resulting loss to the buyer, the seller whether it should be responsible? in accordance with the provisions of Convention 41, the seller is no doubt shall be liable, because the Convention requires the submission of cargo must be a third person can not make any demands.
41 of the Convention provides that, if the buyer agreed to receive the goods in case there are third-party rights or requirements, then the seller can waive their rights secured obligations. Of particular note here is that if the buyer only when the conclusion of the contract goods exists on the rights of third parties does not absolve the rights of the seller guarantee responsibility. because the provisions of the Convention, only the consent of the buyer, the seller can be relieved from its responsibility. 150,151 articles of the Chinese Contract Law provides that: “the seller delivered the subject matter, the responsibility to ensure that the third person not to buy the subject of the obligation to claim any right, “the conclusion of the contract, the buyer knows or should know the third party rights on the object, the seller does not assume warranty obligations,” Therefore, China and France as long as the buyer enter into a contract known that the goods there are rights of third parties, the seller can waive their rights secured obligations.
42 of the Convention, the Seller shall ensure that the goods he delivered a third party can not claim any right or claim based on industrial property or other intellectual property the goods. guarantee obligation for the seller intellectual property rights, we should note the following three points: First, the Convention on the responsibility of the seller intellectual property rights guarantees is very strict, as long as third-party delivery of the goods rights or requirements, which influence a buyer possession of the goods and dispose of, the buyer has the right to require the seller to help eliminate interference, and for damages, intellectual property rights of the seller guarantee obligation is not absolute guarantee obligations of the seller at the same time subject to the following two restrictions: 1 ) The seller is only in the case of subjective intent to take responsibility, namely the conclusion of the contract, the seller knew or could not know that he delivered the goods infringe intellectual property rights of third parties, then he was liable; 2) The seller only commitment to regional intellectual property rights secured obligations. Convention will therefore guarantee obligation of the seller intellectual property rights are divided into two cases: First, if buyers and sellers in the contract goods were sold or use in a particular country, the seller according to the law of that State to assume security obligations; In other cases, the seller the buyer has his place of business where the law of the State commitment to intellectual property guarantee obligations
Case: China Huawei to sell to a telecommunications company in Singapore batch router, signed a contract sales to the final batch of routers there is no agreement, if the Singapore company only sold in Singapore batch of routers are not involved in the infringement of intellectual property rights, because Huawei has a patent in Singapore, but Singapore company to router reseller to the United States, the U.S. Cisco sued infringement of intellectual property, ask the Chinese company Huawei Singapore company shall be liable? but may be exempted from the Convention 42, paragraph 2, the seller in both cases their responsibilities: First, if the buyer has been in the conclusion of the contract knew or could not know the goods to third party intellectual property, the seller may Disclaimer. because it can be assumed that the buyer reluctance to take risks to accept the existence of rights of third parties goods; is that if the goods are the production of technical drawings provided by the seller by the buyer, pattern, program, or other specifications, the seller may Disclaimer seller exemption referred to here, refers only to the seller to the buyer exemption, the seller of third parties tort liability, is not so exempt.
For the buyer the right to claim, the provisions of Article 43 of the Convention, the buyer should know or reasonably should know within a reasonable time after the rights of third parties or require this notify the seller of the nature of a right or claim, otherwise we lose the right to claim, but if in the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew the goods did not inform the buyer of the rights of third parties, which belong to the seller breach of fiduciary duty, the seller is entitled to claim exemption
Chinese Contract Law of the seller rights guarantees provided for, but compared to the Convention, its severe and are a far cry to the Convention on intellectual property rights guarantees, contract law not involved by any other law to regulate.

(b) Obligations of the Buyer (Obligations of the Buyer) in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, the buyer pay the price gold and receipt of the goods by two obligations.
1, to pay the price of gold (Payment of the Price,)
the obligation to pay the price of gold in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, including the buyer to take steps at the appointed time and place of payment.
in accordance with the provisions of Convention 54, the buyer payment obligations under the contract or the provisions of relevant laws to take the steps and procedures to facilitate the payment because the international trade payment procedures than domestic trade. For example, if the contract the letter of credit, the buyer should first apply for open letters of credit; if the buyer where the state foreign exchange control, the buyer should be required to purchase the necessary foreign exchange, and so the buyer if you do not take the necessary measures to breach of contractual obligations.
time for payment of the purchase price, if the two sides have agreed from the convention if there is no agreement, 58 of the Convention provides for three payments of time to determine : First, when the seller of the goods or documents to the disposal of the buyer (at the buyer disposal) to pay the purchase price; delivery and payment at the same time, which of course is a both sides lowest risk of trading in, but in international trade due to the lack of maneuverability is rarely used, only under EXW or DDU, DDP terms; is the precondition for the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods, the seller may dispatch the goods on payment; the buyer in the absence of opportunity to examine the goods, there is no obligation to pay the purchase price, unless it is mutually agreed upon in advance payment procedures contrary to this method of payment in which complete sets of equipment procurement contract, the buyer generally after the receipt of the goods, to pay the price; to examine the goods and then pay the rest.
the time of payment, with particular attention to the Convention made a supplementary regulations in 59: “The buyer must contract or the date of the provisions of this Convention to pay the price, instead of the seller of any request or compliance with any formalities. The provisions of the Convention of the Chinese Contract Law, the provisions of 161 to determine the time of payment rules: conventions – trading habits – the buyer received the goods or documents to fulfill payment obligations
2, the receipt of the goods (Taking Delivery)
in international trade, the buyer obligations than domestic complex, including the following two aspects: First, take all action should take the seller to deliver the goods. For example, if the contract FOB terms, the buyer should be responsible for handling the transport contract for carriage; receipt of the goods if the buyer is not stipulated in the contract, receipt of the goods, then the resulting storage charges, wharfage, demurrage and other expenses assumed by the buyer.
In addition, buyers and sellers have a common obligation to preserve the goods (Preservation of the Goods) the obligation to preserve the goods in the party to default the other party still hold or control of goods, the goods of the other party is obliged to him, held or controlled by the custody of Chinese contract law only requires that under certain conditions, the seller the goods can be deposited on the buyers and sellers provisions in the preservation obligation is not.
four, the remedy for breach of contract (Remedies for Breach, of Contract)
(a) breach of the Convention system
Convention breach of contract system divided into two types: one is the expected default, an actual breach of contract and breach of contract is divided into a fundamental breach of contract and fundamental breach of contract, because their relief differently. fundamental breach of contract in accordance with the provisions of the Convention, a party to the other party may declare the contract null and void, and can also require the submission of a substitute if the non-fundamental breach of contract, the other party can not declare the contract avoided, nor require the submission of a substitute, and can only ask for actual performance, and liable for damages. In addition, the Convention on the defense of civil law unrest absorb the Chinese Contract Law, the same absorption of the Convention is expected to breach system and disturbed defense system, much the same with the provisions of the Convention.
seller of default of the buyer way of relief

(b) the seller defaults are mainly three situations: delivery (Non- delivery), delay in delivery (Late Delivery), delivery and the lack of conformity (Lack of Conformity). of default against the seller, the buyer can take the following relief measures:
1, requires the seller to the actual performance of (the Require Specific Performance by the Seller)
in accordance with the provisions of Convention 46, if the seller does not fulfill its obligations, the buyer may require the seller to actually fulfill its contractual obligations. actual performance, including delivery by the seller, make up the quantity of goods goods conform with the contract requirements, repair, replacement, or submit a substitute buyer requires the seller to actual performance, but also by the following four restrictions: First, if the buyer is taken in conflict with the actual performance of relief, he shall not require the seller to the actual performance. For example, the buyer has already announced to terminate the contract, you can not require the seller to deliver the goods; only when the delivery by the seller does not match constitutes a fundamental breach of contract, the buyer to require the seller to submit a substitute; If the buyer to give grace period (the period of grace) to perform the contract by the seller, the buyer shall not be in grace, to take any remedial measures, unless the seller has declared that he will continue in the grace period does not fulfill the contract; whether the buyer actually fulfill the requirements of implementation, and ultimately also rely on the provisions of national law. because 28 of the Convention provides that: a party the right to request the other party actually to fulfill contractual obligations, but the court is under no obligation to make the actual performance of the judgment. Convention remedies discretion to pay to national courts to deal with.
Chinese Contract Law 110 explicitly actual performance as a major breach of contract remedies, which provides that only in three cases may not be actual performance: first, the legal or factual can not be fulfilled; Second, the debt subject matter unfit for compulsory performance or the performance expenses are excessively high; third, the creditor does not require performance within a reasonable period of time.
2, reducing the price of gold (Reduce the Price) 
50 of the Convention provides that if the delivery by the seller conform with the contract, regardless of the purchase price has been paid, the buyer may reduce the price, but at the same time made two restrictions.
declare the contract avoided (Declare the Contract Avoided)
According to the provisions of the Convention, and only when the seller fails to perform the obligations of the contract or provisions of the Convention constitute a fundamental breach of contract, the buyer can declare the contract null and void and to declare the contract null and void provisions restrictive conditions compared to the Chinese Contract Law for the termination of the contract is relatively easy to
claim damages Claim Damages
Convention in The fifth chapter is dedicated to the establishment of a specific principle of damages 74 of the Convention provides for damages for the two principles: the principle of full compensation for the reasonably foreseeable principle about the same Chinese Contract Law Convention 75 76 also provides that the calculation method of the contract declared null and void after the loss of Chinese contract law there is no such specific provisions.
In addition, the seller more than delivery of the Convention stipulated that the buyer can accept, you can also refused to accept the goods to pay more, even refused to accept the entire shipment. Chinese Contract Law stipulated that the buyer can only reject the excess part.
(c) the breach by the purchaser remedies (Remedies for Buyer Breach, buyer defaults)
include two situations: First, the buyer does not pay or delay in payment; the buyer does not receive the goods or delay in receipt of the goods the buyer defaults, the seller can choose two types of relief methods: one is debt relief, such as requiring the actual performance, damages, and terminate the contract; other property aspects of relief, lien, right of stoppage, etc. The former is for the parties to exercise , while the latter is exercised by the seller directly for the goods.
In addition, the Convention does not have the concept of penalty and deposit in the Chinese Contract Law, Contract Law in China liquidated damages and damage compensation is roughly the same. 
five, the transfer of ownership of the goods and risk (Transfer of the Title and the Risk)
of the Convention only in

The unit11 Marine Bills, of Lading Ocean Bill of Lading

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September 5, 2011
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2010 Chapter 11 of the international freight forwarding freight forwarding English handouts
General concept of Marine the Bills of Lading Bill of Lading general concept (Exam focus)
1-1 text: Marine the Bills of lading are used primarily in international sales of goods where the carriage of goods is by Sea.
Note: marine bills of lading: primarily of the bill of lading: First of all, at first, mainly to international sales of goods: International sales carriage of goods: transport
text mean: ocean bill of lading for maritime transport in the International Sale of Goods.
1-2 text: Definitions of the Bill of Lading vary from country to country. Broadly, the bill of lading has been defined as receipt for goods shipped on board a 船, 船舶, signed by the person Show (or his agent) contracts to carry them, and stating the terms on which the goods were delivered to and received by the ship. (the definition of the bill of lading, master)
Note: definition: the definition vary from: Different broadly: a broad, extensive, the whole on board: the board stating: statements affirming
text meaning: each country is different for the definition of bill of lading. Overall, the bill of lading is a receipt of the shipment; it reached the carriage of goods by the carrier of the agreement signature on the cargo on board the ship and the ship to receive the terms.
1-3 text: It is not the actual contract, but forms excellent evidence of the terms of the contract.
Note: actual: the actual, real excellent: excellent, excellent evidence: evidence certificate
text mean: bill of lading is not the actual contract, but constitute in order to fulfill the terms of the contract an excellent guarantee.
China Maritime Law “Definition: bill of lading is to prove that the contract of carriage of goods by sea and the goods have been received by the carrier or shipment, as well as single of the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods on the bill of lading card. Document stating that guarantee to deliver the goods to the named person, or delivery of the goods in accordance with the instructions of the instructor, or the terms of the delivery of the goods to the bill of lading holder, constitute the carrier to deliver the goods.
two Functions of the Marine the Bills of Lading role
the ocean bill of lading bill of lading, the three roles (exam focus)
1.Receipt for the goods shipped shipment receipt
text: A, bill of lading is a receipt issued by a carrier that an identifiable consignment of goods has been received by him for shipment, or actually loaded on board his船, 船舶
Note: receipt: Receipt issue: the issue of carrier: carrier identifiable: You can confirm that the consignment: (goods) entrusted, delivery, shipping, transportation

text: The bill of lading as a receipt will show the quantity and condition of the cargo loaded, 船, 船舶 name, port of loading, the destination, the details of date and so on.
 Note: condition: conditions, environment, circumstances destination: destination details: details and so on:
text mean: bill of lading as a receipt will be specified the number of cargo and ship name, port of shipment, destination, and the detailed date and so on.
2.Document the the of the title to the goods. a document of title of goods
texts: A bill of lading is a document of title to the goods. The possession of a bill of lading is equivalent in. law to possession of the goods.
Note: document of the title: possession of a document of title:, ownership, possession, possession equivalent: equal, quite the same significance
text meaning: the bill of lading is a document of title of goods. Holds a bill of lading is equivalent to the legal holders of the goods.
text: The holder of the bill of lading is able to obtain delivery of the goods at the port of destination and during transit the goods can be sold merely by endorsing the bill of lading.
Note: holder: the holder, the owner be able to: be able to obtain: to obtain, to get the port of destination: the port of destination transit: Transport, transportation merely: merely, but endorse: endorsement, in the back of the (notes) signature recognition
text mean: bill of lading holder to take delivery of the goods at the port of destination and during the transport of goods can only sell the goods through the endorsement of the bill of lading.
3.Evidence, prove
text of the contract the contract: Additionally, the terms of the bill of lading provide evidence of the contract of carriage between the carrier and the shipper. The terms of the bill of lading contain the terms of the contract.
Note: additionally:, coupled with another term: the terms provide: to provide to provide evidence: evidence, prove

text meaning: the terms of the bill of lading contract of carriage between the carrier and the shipper to prove. The terms of the bill of lading contains the terms of the contract.
three, Types of Marine the Bills of Lading Bill of Lading type (Exam focus)
3-1 the Order Bills, bills of lading
of Lading instructions . Order bills are issued by carriers to the order of shipper or consignee. indication the bill of lading is issued by the carrier to the designated shipper or consignee.
2.The carrier, shipowner, charterer or master will deliver the goods at the port of destination not solely to the named consignee, but to any person designated by him. carrier, owner, charterer, or the captain will be delivered at the port of destination, not a separate delivery to the designated consignee can be delivered to any specified. (Note: the master: Captain solely: alone, individually designated: designated, appointed them)
An order bill of lading is a negotiable document. An indicative bill of lading is a can The transfer of the document. (Note: negotiable the document: transfer of the document)
4. The Order bills made out to the article consigned. Consignment “or order” can be transferred by them by endorsement, the bill of lading stated the consignee or the instructions by someone the instructions of the bill of lading can be transferred by the consignee or instructions endorsement. (Note: make out: fill in, writing, indicating the transfer: transfer, assignment, endorsement: an endorsement)
3-2 Straight Bills, of Lading Straight Bill of Lading
characteristics:

1.In contrast with the order bills of lading, straight bills are those made out to named consignees without the addition of the words “or order”. compared with the bill of lading instructions, bills of lading contain the specified receipt person without additional instructions by a person “wording. (Note: in contrast with: comparison, and … in contrast to)
2.Straight bills of lading is not negotiable and can not be transferred to third parties. Bill of lading is not transferable, can not be transferred to third parties. (Note: third parties: third-party)
3.Delivery of goods can only be taken by the named article consigned. Consignment only by the designated consignee to take delivery of the goods.
3-3 the Shipped Bills, of Lading on board bill of lading
Features:
1. the Shipped bills state definitely that the goods have been loaded. it confirms that the goods are actually on board the vessel. board bill of lading clearly indicate that the goods have been shipped, and determine if the goods are actually loaded on the ship. (Note: state: statements show that definitely: clearly, simply to confirm: to determine and confirm actually: In fact, as a matter of fact)
2.Most bills of lading forms are printed as shipped bills and commence with wording: “Shipped in apparent good order and condition.” most of the bill of lading will be printed on board bill of lading format and marked “
on board the apparent condition was good” terms. (Note: the appearance of)
3-4 from … apparent: the Received for shipment Bills, of Lading receiving shipment bill of lading
characteristics:

1.Received for shipment bills state that the goods have been received for shipment, and do not indicate the actual date of loading. received for shipment bill of lading that the goods have been received for shipment, but does not show the actual loading date. (Note: indicate: that the display)
2.The received for shipment bill of lading grew up because with the development of the liner, services it became the custom for the shipowner to receive the cargo some hours or even days before it was actually loaded. received for shipment bill of lading for the development of the liner shipping business to grow up and gradually become a practice, the ship owners for several hours or even days before the actual loading of receipt of the goods. (Note: grow up: growth and development of development: the development of liner, services: liner shipping business)
3-5 Direct, Bills, bills of lading
characteristics of Lading directly: Direct bills of lading are those covering shipments between direct ports of loading or discharge. directly to the bill of lading is the port of discharge of cargo from the port of shipment directly to the purpose of the bill of lading. (Under load of goods from port of loading, the half-way through the exchange of ship, shipped directly to the port of destination unloader delivery of the goods bill of lading)
3-6 Through the Bills of Lading through bill of lading
 characteristics:
1.Through bills of lading cover shipment from or to the ports involving transport by two or more shipping or railways companies through bill of lading by two or more sea or rail transportation company is responsible for the transportation of goods from or at ports in between. (Note: involve: including involving the shipping company: railways of the shipping companies: railway, railways)
2.The shipping company for additional freight, undertakes to make all arrangements to get the goods to their destination. The shipping company will assume the additional shipping costs to ensure that goods reach their destination. (Note: additional: additional, additional undertake: commitment to ensure the arrangement: arrangement)
3-7 the Clean versus Foul Bills, of Lading clean bill of lading and unclean
1.Clean bill of lading clean bill of lading
text: the clean bill of lading bears an indication that the goods were received without damages, irregularities or short shipment, usually the words “apparent good the order and condition.” “clean on board” or the like are indicated on the B / L. enshrined in the clean bill of lading the goods by the goods damaged, abnormal or shorts phenomenon, usually on the bill of lading marked “goods appearance in good condition, the cleaning has been installed ship “or similar words. (Note: damage: damage to the irregularity: abnormal short shipment: more or less clean on board: Clean on board indicate: display, show that) Bills, 2.Foul of Lading unclean
text: The foul bill of lading – unclean bill of lading, dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading-is the opposite of the clean bill of lading. It bears an indication that the goods were received with damages, irregularities or short shipment, usually the words “unclean on board “or the like are indicated on the B / L, for example,” insufficient packing “,” missing safety seal “and” one carton short “. unclean is opposed to the clean bill of lading bill of lading. The bill of lading stated the consignee of the goods damaged, abnormal or more or less, usually marked “dirty board” or similar words, such as “bad packaging”, “lack of security seals” or “a box of more or less” words. (Note: the opposite: the relative opposition, on the contrary insufficient packing: bad packaging safety seal: security seal on the carton: carton)
four years exam analysis
. Which of the following terms on the B / L, shows that the bill of lading is the clean the B / L. () – 2006 multiple choice
A. insufficient packing

B. The one carton short
C. in apparent good of the order and condition
D. missing the safety seal
answer: C
: a clean bill of lading refers to any damaged cargo, packing or other hinder the settlement of bills of lading endorsed. The bill of lading the front printed with the apparent condition was good “words, if the carrier or its agent in the issuance of bills of lading did not add any endorsement to the contrary, it indicates that the carrier to confirm the fact that the time of shipment in apparent good condition. The other three show that the filling of goods and packaging in poor condition or defective bill of lading.
2 () are those covering shipment between the direct the ports of loading and discharge of 2004 multiple choice
A. the Shipped bills of lading

B. Clean bills of lading
C. Straight bills of lading
D. Direct bills of lading
Answer: D
: the port of shipment shipped directly to the port of discharge the bill of lading is the straight bill of lading (Direct bills of lading) 2004 years multiple choice
3.The () can not be transferred to third parties.
A. straight B / L
B. direct B / L
C. shipped B / L
D. The the order B / L,
answer: A
Analysis: The bill of lading specifies the consignee, and is not transferable, can not be transferred to third parties.
A foul bill of lading means that the bill of lading is very dirty.
() in 2004 to judge the question to answer: wrong
Analysis: The unclean are set out in the bill of lading the goods adverse annotation, such as shorts, improper packing, not to say that the bill of lading is not clean.
5. Shipped in apparent good order and condition means that the vessel looks very good. () 2004 years to judge the question
answer: wrong
analysis: “the Shipped in apparent good of the order and condition” refers to the shipment of goods in apparent good order and condition, does not mean the ship looks good.
four, Drawing up Marine the Bills of Lading in the drafting of the bill of lading (Exam focus)
1-1 text: A marine bill of lading can be drawn up in a variety of ways, but it is nearly always prepared on a of pre-printed form. This the form may relate to a specific or to a general cargo trade.
Note: the draw up: Drafting, drafting variety: change, diversity , species nearly: almost close to prepare: prepare pre-printed: pre-printed relate to: involving
text meaning: an ocean bill of lading can be prepared in many ways, but almost all use pre-formatted. These formats may be related to the special or general cargo trade.
1-2 text: Whatever its form, a bill of lading may contain some the main elements, such as quantity of cargo, accurate cargo description and condition, date of the bill of lading, names of shipper and article consigned. consignment, the ports of loading and discharging, 船, 船舶 name, terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.
Note: whatever: no matter what, no matter what kind of contain: contain element: element, element ingredient accurate: correct, accurate description: describe, describe the condition: state, situation, payment of freight: freight payment
text meaning: Regardless of the format, the contents of the bill of lading contains much the same, such as cargo the number of cargo exact name and state, the date of issuance of the bill of lading, the shipper and consignee name, port of loading and port of discharge, name of vessel, the terms and conditions of carriage of goods, as well as the payment of freight.
bill of lading usually include positive items recorded on the back of the terms of two parts, the front matters include:
1. name of the vessel (Ship name)

3. the shipper (Shipper)
4. the consignee (Consignee), (2) carrier (Carrier)
5. notify party (Notify Party)
6. port of loading (Port of Loading)
7. port of discharge (Port of Discharging)
8. goods Name (Description)

, logo (Marks) 10. the number of packages and types (Number and kind of the Packages)
weight and volume (Weight or the Measurement)
12. freight and other charges (Freight and other Charges)
13. goods appearance state (Cargo, Apparent Order and Condition)
1-3 text: The 船, 船舶 the port agent, in fact, may be given the task of the drawing up bills of lading. If these are subsequently required for the letter of credit transactions, it is useful that the the agent be supplied with appropriate details of that letter of credit so that all relevant material can be included in the wording.
Note: the port agent: port agency task: tasks, jobs subsequently: and later, followed by the letter of credit: letter of credit transaction: handling, processing, trading useful: a useful, beneficial supply: the supply of appropriate: appropriate relevant: the corresponding material: information material wording: wording
text meaning: in fact, the carrier may entrust the port agent to produce the bill of lading. Letter of credit transactions in the future also need to use the bill of lading, appropriate to the message of the letter of credit information to the agent, can contain all relevant information so that the wording of the bill of lading.
1-4 text: The main parties on a bill of lading are a Shipper, Consignee, the Notify Party, and Carrier,.
bill of lading, the major parties include: shipper, to close consignee, notify party and the carrier.
shipper:
text: of The shipper is the person, usually the exporter, who sends the goods. shipper for exporters, that is to send the goods a party .
consignee
text: Consignee refers to the person Show entitled to take delivery of the goods. consignee is the party entitled to accept the goods. 3 carrier
text: Carrier is the person or company who has conclude a contract with the shipper for carriage of goods. The person or company of carrier transport of goods with the shipper to enter into a contract ( recognized the full sovereignty a contract: conclusion of the contract)
notice side
text: the Notify Party, is the party that the carrier must the notify when the goods arrive at the the port of destination. notice side after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, to require the carrier to inform cargo already arrived. (Note: the notify party: 1-5 notify party)
text: The carrier issues an Arrival Notice informing the the Notify Party, about the cargo discharge point, the number of packages and other information.
 Note: arrival be bare of notice: notice of arrival inform the: notice to inform the discharge point: the place of discharge the package: package, package
text meaning: the carrier issuing the goods to Hong Kong to provide information on discharge notification to the notifying parties location, number of packages and other information.
1-6 text: It is important to date bills of lading correctly and as per the date on which the cargo is actually loaded.
Note: important: important the date correctly, a significant date: Indicate …: proper, correct
text meaning: the right indicate the bill of lading date is very important, and each date should be the date the goods are actually loaded
1-7 text: Cargo, quantity and condition should also be adequately and correctly described in the bills of lading.
Notes: adequately: fully describe: description, describes the 
text meaning: the quantity and condition of the goods should be fully and correctly stated in the bill of lading.
1-8 text: Relevant comments should be entered in either tally or mate receipts, and thereafter in bills of lading.
Note: relevant: relevant, the appropriate comment : annotations, comments, observations and enter in: entry, enter either … or …: Not … is …, … or … tally: tally thereafter: Subsequently,
Since then the text meaning: endorsement should be credited to the tally or mate receipt, and shall also indicate in the subsequent bill of lading.
five Issuing Marine the Bills of Lading Bill of Lading issued (examination focus)
2-1 text: All bills should be signed by either shipping company or by a duly authorized Note: duly authorized agent
: duly authorized (duly: officially, properly authorized: authorized and approved by authorized)
text meaning: The bill of lading shall be issued by the shipping company or by authorized agent.
2-2 text: If time does not permit the ship master to sign the bills, a letter is usually drawn up giving the port agent appropriate an authority to sign bills of lading.
Note: the permit: permit, license, permit 船, 船舶 the master: Captain appropriate: proper, appropriate
text meaning: If the captain is too late to issue bills of lading, and then usually in the drafting of a letter to the port agents , duly authorized and commissioned on behalf of the bills of lading issued.
2-2 text: of The bill of lading must show how many signed originals were issued.
Note: original: the original bill of lading
text meaning : issued the bill of lading must indicate the number of copies of the original bill of lading.
text: 2-3 of The originals are marked as “original” on their face and all have The equal of value, that is, all have the same validity.
Notes: mark : marked face: positive The equal the value: equal value validity: the validity of legitimacy
text meaning: the front of the original bill of lading marked “ORIGINAL”, each of which are equivalent, that is , has the same effect.
2-4 text: The purpose of the in scribed with more than one original is to ensure that the port of destination will the receive the original when dispatched separately.
Note: purpose: the purpose of intent to use ensure: guarantee, warranty, to ensure dispatch: dispatch, dispatch separately: individually and separately
text meaning: the issue of multiple copies of the original bill of lading is to ensure that at the port of destination to send each separately goods are able to receive the original bill of lading.
2-5 text: The original B / L, are proof of ownership of goods, one of which must be surrendered to the carrier at destination, duly endorsed by the the title holder in the goods in exchange for the goods or the delivery order.
Note: proof: evidence, certificate ownership: ownership, owner identity surrender: surrender, alienate, to the, where the idea was “to put a single” meaning exchange in exchange for: this easy to he delivery order: the meaning of the bill of lading
text: The original bill of lading is proof of ownership of the goods, one of them a must to put a single to the carrier at the destination through The holders of title to the goods officially endorse the exchange of goods or bill of lading.
2-6 text: When one of the originals being surrendered to the carrier, the others become invalid.
Notes: invalid: Invalid, failure
text meaning: when the original bill of lading put single carrier, the rest of the original bill of lading will automatically lapse.
2-7 text: In some cases, a shipper may request a “full set” of “original” bills of lading, rather than just one original the document.
comment : case: is the case, the case of the request: requirements, request full the set: a full set rather than: better than here means “and not”
text meaning: in some cases, the shipper may require a full set of original bills of lading, and not only one of which the original documents.
2-8 text: A set the contains at least two originals. In practice, a set of originals, of three is the most common.
Note: at least: at least in practice : In fact, a set of: a set of a set of common: common, public
text meaning: a set of original bills of lading at least in duplicate. In fact, it is usually a set of original bills of lading in triplicate.
2-9 text: The number of original bills of lading (B / L), may be expressed as 3/3 (read as three of three or 2/2 (read as two
of two .
annotation: Express: express, that text meaning: the number of the bill of lading can be expressed as 3/3 (read as “three of three) 2/2 (read as “two of two)
specify: this expression of the bill of lading number, the molecular figure is presented to the bank shares, the denominator figure is produced number.
2-10 text: If the L / C did not contain the expression “Full set 3/3″, then the number of original bills of lading required would depend on the number as so issued by the carrier. It can be a sole original B / L, that is, the one original only.
annotation: expression: expression, the wording of the require: the need for requirements depend on: to rely on, rely on the attention of the. 34: separate only
text meaning: if the credit is not marked “full 3/3″ such language, then the original bill of lading number required will depend on the number issued in the carrier. May be only a copy of the original bill of lading alone, that is only one original.
Third, the bill of lading, electronic delivery (Exam focus)
3-1 text: The Bill of Lading software and can also be used to the create, view the e-mail and the print a formatted bill of lading.
Note: software: software create creation, generation, production of the view: look, and watch the e-mail: E-mail formatted: formatted

3-3 text: The electronic delivery of the bill of lading the document, which allows a buyer to take the title to the goods once they have arrived at the port, will speed up the trade the finance process.
Note: electronic: Electronic allow: allow, admit arrive at: to reach speed up: speed up, speed up the process: the process, the steps.
text mean: bill of lading documents, electronic delivery, the buyer can make the goods to Hong Kong will be able to pick up, which can speed up the steps of trade finance.
3-4 text: Exporters are driving the the push towards electronic delivery of bills of lading. This approach from reduces the cycle time for the the forwarding and presentation of documents. The exporter gets paid more quickly, and the importer gets title to the goods sooner. Note: drive: driven, driven the push: to promote, promote towards: North Korea, to help approach: methods, approaches, steps to the reduce: reduce, shrink, simplify the cycle time: the cycle, the cycle time of the forwarding: Forward, forward presentation: presentation of proposed
text means: exporters control the advance of the bill of lading electronic delivery process. Electronic delivery method to shorten the cycle time of the transfer and presentation of documents. Exporters earlier payment is received, the sooner the importer will be able to get title to the goods.
3-5 text: It also eliminates the risk of errors and reduces the costs related to the manual the document preparation.
Note: eliminate: to exclude, eliminate the error: Error, negligence error relate to: … the manual: manual, manual preparation: preparation, ready to work
text mean: electronic delivery can eliminate the error due to the handmade and the risks posed by manual production of documents and reduce the costs associated.

Fashion do stunts love beans Qi joined the Korean “fashion” ambition “there is enough

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